Part 7 Of 12 Part Series: Urological Symptoms (Incontinence, Prostatitis, Interstitial Cystitis, Urethritis, IgA Nephropathy, Glomerulonephritis, Kidney Stones, Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome and Recurrent Bladder Infections) Associated With Undiagnosed Celiac Disease, A Gluten Sensitivity, Or A Food Allergy/Sensitivity
This is the seventh in a series of posts discussing the variety of symptoms that can be caused by undiagnosed Celiac Disease (CD). In this post, urological symptoms associated with undiagnosed CD, a gluten sensitivity, or food allergies/sensitivities will be discussed.
Gluten Intolerance or Sensitivity
There are studies and articles identifying an association between gluten intolerance/CD, gluten sensitivities, and urological symptoms (10-37,44-46,54). However, the pathogenesis of urological symptoms due to gluten consumption and the resulting autoimmune damage is unclear. Hypothetically, these symptoms may result from auto-antibodies directed at the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or the urethra. This is plausible since we know that auto-antibodies in CD (resulting from autoimmune reactions to ingested gluten) can cause damage to a variety of other bodily tissues such as the intestinal mucosa (villous flattening), muscles, nerves, skin, and liver. Additionally, if intestinal damage occurs (well researched), the flattened villi are less able to absorb nutrients leading to various nutrient deficiencies that may affect the urological system. We know that nutrient deficiencies can adversely affect muscle, nerve, and mucosal tissue so it is reasonable to expect that the urological system would be affected since it is dependent on these systems (1,2,3,47-50,52,53). A gluten sensitivity that has not progressed to the point of becoming obvious CD could also be responsible for urological symptoms since the same or similar immune system reactions would be occurring (28,29,32,40,45)
Food Allergies Or Sensitivities
Individuals with CD/gluten intolerance or gluten sensitivity are at a higher risk for allergies due to increased permeability of the intestine. In these individuals, gluten consumption can lead to increased expression of zonulin (a human protein) in the intestinal tissues. This increases intestinal permeability allowing macromolecules (ex. food antigens, bacterial, and viral particles) exposure to the immune system. The immune systems exposure to gluten and the subsequent autoimmune reaction is thought to be responsible for the intestinal and other systemic damage seen in Celiac Disease. Unfortunately, the increased bowel permeability can also increase the risk of developing food allergies/intolerances/sensitivities (9). If urological symptoms persist once diagnosed and gluten-free, then a food allergy or sensitivity may exist. In the absence of CD/gluten sensitivity, food allergies/sensitivities may be the sole or part of the underlying reason for your symptoms (8,28,32-34,35-43,45,46,54-56).
Various food allergies/sensitivities have been linked either through research, case studies, or personal experiences to urological symptoms (8,28,32-34,35-43,45,46,54-56). Dr. Gislason (MD) said in his book, Core Diet For Kids, “The mucosal surfaces of the bladder and vagina should be thought of as similar to the nose, throat, and gastrointestinal mucosa, with similar reactions to food allergens, circulating in the blood stream. If milk, wheat, and egg allergy can cause rhinitis, they can also result in vaginitis, urethritis, and cystitis” (8). Histamine and mast cells are involved in immune reactions to food and are involved in CD (64,65). Histamine has been detected in bladder washings and mucosal mast cells have been located in the detrusor muscle, lamina propria, and epithelium of the bladder in patients with interstitial cystitis (55,56). As well, the kidneys may be vulnerable to damage if exposed to immune complexes (resulting from reactions with food allergens) that are circulating in the blood since the kidney filters all the blood (8,54 ). It is reasonable to suspect that a reaction to food antigens may be responsible for immune reactions leading to many other urological conditions (10-46,54).
A few studies have examined the urological effects of food antigens. Various food allergens such as milk proteins (41,42), soy bean protein (36,42), rice protein (42), gliadin (in gluten) (19,20,24,33,34,36,39,40), oat flour extracts (36), ovalbumin (36,39), and bovine serum albumin (39) have been associated with urological symptoms. Increased intestinal permeability has been identified in IgA nephropathy (36,37). As described above, this could lead to an interaction between food molecules and the immune system possibly leading to an immune mediated reaction. More studies are needed to investigate the presence of increased intestinal permeability in other urological conditions. Future studies demonstrating this association could help prove that there is an increased risk for immune reactions to food in those with urological conditions. Other common food allergens that may cause an immune reaction include wheat, eggs, fish/seafood, tree nuts, sulphites, sesame seeds, peanuts, and corn (corn derivatives are in most grocery store products). Almost any food, pesticide, or food additive could cause an immune mediated reaction in the form of an allergy, intolerance, or sensitivity (8,63). Wendy Cohen (RN) www.wellbladder.com identified caffeine, tomatoes, chocolate, alcohol, and citrus as possible bladder irritants (28). Wendy has many comments on her urology articles describing personal experiences with food intolerances and sensitivities (28,29,32,45).
If you suspect an allergy or sensitivity may be causing your symptoms, a consultation with an allergist and/or naturopathic doctor may be helpful. There are a variety of tests that are useful for identifying allergies and sensitivities. Some individuals use the core or elimination diet to do this. A Registered Dietitian can help to ensure all nutrient requirements are fulfilled. Other tests ordered by a medical doctor (MD) can help rule out other diseases. I encourage everyone to have their symptoms thoroughly investigated by their MD and specialists before implementing a therapeutic diet. Keep your MD informed about any dietary changes you are making and also the results.
More research is needed. Research results demonstrating an association between food allergens and urological symptoms could lead to dietary intervention as the key to primary prevention and treatment of many urological symptoms. Personal and healthcare benefits include decreased hospitalization, decreased physician visits, decreased use of medications, and increased quality of life for individuals suffering with urological symptoms.
Symptoms
Urological symptoms may include chronic prostatitis, interstitial cystitis, bedwetting in children, stress incontinence, frequency and urgency to urinate, bladder spasms, chronic or recurrent bladder infections, urethritis, IgA nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, kidney stones (renal calculus), active albuminuria, proteinuria, haematuria, glomerulonephritis, mesangial nephritis, glomerulitis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, IgA mesangial glomerulonephritis, immunoglobulin A mesangial nephropathy, and midaortic syndrome affecting infrarenal aorta or renal arteries. Many of these conditions can lead to renal failure (2,8,10-46,54). Further research may reveal other symptoms or urological conditions such as renal rickets, neurogenic bladder, or polycystic kidney disease. Ron Hoggan (author in a book, “Dangerous Grains”) mentioned a woman with polycystic kidney disease and CD in one of his articles (54). I also experienced frequent ovarian cysts prior to my diagnosis so it seems reasonable to suspect that cysts could occur elsewhere it the body. I do not have problems with ovarian cysts now. Prior to my diagnosis, I experienced occasional urine frequency and bladder cramping. The urine dipsticks and urine culture and sensitivity would surprisingly be negative. Perhaps this was due to bladder irritants, nutrient deficiencies (affecting the muscles, nerves, or mucosa) or other immune factors such as mast cells and histamine.
Possible Factors Causing False Negative CD Tests
The blood tests for CD (IgA endomysial antibodies and IgA tissue transglutaminase) tend to correspond with the severity of intestinal damage. Therefore, if the autoimmune damage is in another area (ex. skin form of CD called dermatitis herpetiformis or as discussed in this article, it could be the urological system) and no or very little intestinal damage is present, a negative result could occur. If the above tests are negative, a bloodtest for antigliadin antibodies may be helpful to identify if increased intestinal permeability has allowed gluten (gliadin) to leak in through the tight junctions between the intestinal epithelial cells. This leakage could potentially lead to a gluten sensitivity and with continued exposure potentially CD. Antibodies against deamidated gluten should be added to the screening as well (63). Additional tests are available as well such as fecal tests, rectal mucosal patch technique (new in Sweden), and genetic tests. Other causes of false negative CD tests could include IgA deficiency (IgG tissue transglutaminase antibody test may be helpful), low gluten consumption, or the intestinal biopsy may have missed the diseased mucosa since it can be patchy in nature (multiple biopsies can be helpful to avoid this) (1,5,6,51-54,54,57,58).
Nutrient Deficiencies
Nutrient deficiencies that may contribute to nerve related urological symptoms in the bladder may include vitamins E, B complex, amino and fatty acids, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, electrolytes, and inositrol. (58-62).
Nutrient deficiencies that may contribute to muscular related urological symptoms in the bladder may include vitamins A, D, E, K, niacin, thiamine, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, cobalamin, amino and fatty acids, carbohydrates, calcium, magnesium, phosporus, potassium, iodine, iron, and copper (57-59).
Nutrients deficiencies that may affect urological mucosal health include vitamin A, B complex, C, D,E, K, amino and fatty acids, carbohydrates, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and molybdenum (58,59).
USE CAUTION WITH SUPPLEMENTS. Toxicities can occur with over supplementation (especially with urological conditions) and this can lead to permanent damage. Consult your MD, Registered Dietician, or other medical specialists involved in your care to determine which nutrients should be supplemented and to identify appropriate dosages for you.
Other factors Affecting Kidney Or Bladder Function
Other factors that may contribute to kidney and bladder symptoms include diabetes, hypotension, hypertension, poor diet, alcoholism, street drugs, past surgery, poor heart function, infections, protein toxicity, tumours, congenital defects, trauma, toxicity from chemicals, certain medications, or vitamin toxicity (58,59,66).
Do You Have Any Of The Above Symptoms?
CD can be present in preteen/adolescents that are growing normally so normal growth rate (height) should not be a factor that excludes the possibility of CD in those with delayed puberty (51). Many individuals with undiagnosed CD will have no bowel symptoms (3,7,48,50). Weight loss may or may not occur, and is dependent on the amount of the intestine that is damaged (3,50). Therefore, the symptoms in this post could occur in the absence of stunted growth, weight loss, or bowel symptoms.
The presence of urological symptoms as discussed in this post, indicates that you should talk to your MD about tests for CD, allergy tests, and tests to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms. Testing for CD is important because undiagnosed CD increases the risk of developing other autoimmune diseases, lymphomas (skin, brain, lymph nodes, intestine), cancers (thyroid, esophageal, mouth, tongue, pharynx, tonsil, and small intestine), allergies, complications from malabsorption issues, possible decreased immune response to other illnesses (1,2,5,6,9,47,48), and many other health complications that will be discussed in the posts about CD symptoms. It is my hope that if you have urological symptoms you can print out this post complete with medical references to take with you to the MD when you request a CD test. Highlight or underline the sections that apply to your symptoms. I’ll be posting a simplified summary and checklist in the 12th post.
I recommend waiting until CD testing is complete before initiating a gluten-free diet because it may create a false negative. Discuss this with your MD or specialist. Review your symptoms and everything in this post with a Medical Doctor and your specialists before you make any changes. Your MD knows your medical history and the treatments that are appropriate for you.
Links To More Information
1. Wendy Cohen RN
Gluten Sensitivity and Bladder Disease. http://tinyurl.com/4zx94e
Interstitial Cystitis and Gluten Intolerance. http://tinyurl.com/ydw7krc
Bladder Symptoms & Gluten Sensitivity. http://tinyurl.com/crtcjm
The Chronic Prostatitis And Celiac Disease Connection. http://tinyurl.com/ybdzsgp
2. Ron Hoggan (One author from book, “Dangerous Grains”)
Kidney Problems http://www.gluten-free.org/hoggan/kidneyceliac.txt
Kidney Stones http://www.gluten-free.org/hoggan/kidney.txt
Nephrotic Syndrome http://www.gluten-free.org/hoggan/nephrotic.txt
3. Adams Scott. Kidney Disease And Celiac Disease. www.celiac.com http://tinyurl.com/yamwe7q
4. Adams Jefferson. Celiac Patients Face Higher Risk of Developing Chronic Renal Disease. www.celiac.com http://tinyurl.com/az6tol
5. Relationship between intestinal permeability and antibodies against food antigens in IgA nephropathy. http://tinyurl.com/yducynx
6. The pathogenetic potential of environmental antigens in IgA nephropathy. http://tinyurl.com/ydaw6yh
7. Dietary antigens and primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy. http://tinyurl.com/yc5ehq5
8. Glomerular deposition of food antigens in IgA nephropathy. http://tinyurl.com/ydowje9
9. Mediterranean diet and primary IgA nephropathy. http://tinyurl.com/yemq8pg
10. Histamine and mucosal mast cells in interstitial cystitis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2750582
11. Interstitial Cystitis: Correlation with Nerve Fibres, Mast Cells and Histamine. http://tinyurl.com/yjsnpe2
References
1. Excellent Book: Green PHR, Jones, R. Celiac Disease A Hidden Epidemic. Collins, Harper Collins Publishers, 2006 http://tinyurl.com/ljeqjc
2. Pruessner Harold T, MD. Detecting Celiac Disease In Your Patients. American Family Physician. March 1st, 1998.
3. Feldman Mark, MD, Friedman Lawrence S, MD, Sleisenger, Marvin H, MD, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management 7th Edition, Volume11, 2002,Saunders
4. Barrett KE. Gastrointestinal Physiology. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill 2006.
5. Excellent Book: Lieberman Shari PhD,CNC, FACN, with Linda Segall. The Gluten Connection. How Gluten Sensitivity May Be Sabotaging Your Health. Rodale Inc., 2007. http://tinyurl.com/nwsc79
6. Excellent Book: James Braly, MD., Ron Hoggan, MA. Dangerous Grains. Penguin Group, Inc., 2002. http://tinyurl.com/knswhn
7. M Hadjivassiliou,a A K Chattopadhyay,b G A B Davies-Jones,a A Gibson,a R A Grünewald,a A J Loboc Neuromuscular disorder as a presenting feature of coeliac disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:770-775 ( December )
8. Gislason Stephen, MD. Core Diet For Kids. Persona Audiovisual Productions, 1989. He started www.nutramed.com (I’m not sure if he still owns it).
9. Alessio Fasano, M.D. Physiological, Pathological, and Therapeutic Implications of Zonulin-Mediated Intestinal Barrier Modulation. American Journal of Pathology, 2008;173:1243-1252.
10. Ostojska J, Okni?ska-Hoffmann E, Gutkowska J, Radzikowski A. Chronic urinary tract infection and celiac disease in children. Pediatr Pol. 1979 Nov;54(11):1263-71.
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13. Codaccioni JL, Pierron H, Perrimond H, Boyer J, Unal D. Unusual development during a 1-year period of multiple complications (steatorrhea, nephropathy, statural retardation, cerebral accidents) in a 15-year-old child diabetic since the age of 4. abete. 1968 Apr-Jun;16(2):146-52.
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19. Mai Otsa, Oivi Uibob, Kaja Metskülac, Raivo Uiboc, Vello Saluperea IgA-Antigliadin Antibodies in Patients with IgA Nephropathy: The Secondary Phenomenon? Am J Nephrol 1999;19:453-458 (DOI: 10.1159/000013497)
20. Jérôme Laurenta, Anne Branelleca, Jean-Marie Heslana, Guy Rostokera, Charles Bruneaua, Chantal Andréb, Liliane Intratorb, Gilbert Lagruea An Increase in Circulating IgA Antibodies to Gliadin in IgA Mesangial Glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol 1987;7:178-183 (DOI: 10.1159/000167460)
21. S Meyers, S Dikman, H Spiera, N Schultz, and H D Janowitz. Cutaneous vasculitis complicating coeliac disease. Gut. 1981 January; 22(1): 61–64.
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28. Cohan Wendy. Gluten Sensitivity And Bladder Disease. www.celiac.com http://tinyurl.com/4zx94e
29. Cohan Wendy. The Chronic Prostatitis And Celiac Disease Connection. www.celiac.com http://tinyurl.com/ybdzsgp
30. Adams Scott. Kidney Disease And Celiac Disease. www.celiac.com http://tinyurl.com/yamwe7q
31. Adams Jefferson. Celiac Patients Face Higher Risk of Developing Chronic Renal Disease. www.celiac.com http://tinyurl.com/az6tol
32. Cohan Wendy. Bladder Symptoms & Gluten Sensitivity. www.wellbladder.com http://tinyurl.com/crtcjm
33. A Fornasieri, R A Sinico, P Maldifassi, P Bernasconi, M Vegni, G D’Amico. IgA-antigliadin antibodies in IgA mesangial nephropathy (Berger’s disease). Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;295:78-80 (11 July), doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6590.78
34. Laurent J, Branellec A, Heslan JM, Rostoker G, Bruneau C, André C, Intrator L, Lagrue G. An increase in circulating IgA antibodies to gliadin in IgA mesangial glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol. 1987;7(3):178-83.
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54. Ron Hoggan (from book “Dangerous Grains”) Articles (responses to questions)
Kidney Problems http://www.gluten-free.org/hoggan/kidneyceliac.txt
Kidney Stones http://www.gluten-free.org/hoggan/kidney.txt
Nephrotic Syndrome http://www.gluten-free.org/hoggan/nephrotic.txt
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